- 列出环境内所有的pv 并以 name字段排序(使用kubectl自带排序功能)
kubectl get pv --sort-by=.metadata.name
考点:kubectl get 2. 列出指定pod的日志中状态为Error的行,并记录在指定的文件上
kubectl logs <podname> | grep bash > /opt/KUCC000xxx/KUCC000xxx.txt
3.列出k8s可用的节点,不包含不可调度的 和 NoReachable的节点,并把数字写入到文件里
#笨方法,人工数
kubectl get nodes
参考:kubernetes备忘:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/
4.创建一个pod名称为nginx,并将其调度到节点为 disk=stat上
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
env: test
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
nodeSelector:
disktype: ssd
参考:将pod分配给节点,https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes/
- 提供一个pod的yaml,要求添加Init Container,Init Container的作用是创建一个空文件,pod的Containers判断文件是否存在,不存在则退出
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: init-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: busybox:1.28
ports:
- containerPort: 80
command:['sh', '-c', 'if [ ! -e "/opt/myfile"]; then exit;fi;']
volumeMounts:
- name: workdir
mountPath: /opt/
# These containers are run during pod initialization
initContainers:
- name: install
image: busybox
command: ['sh', '-c', 'touch -p /opt/myfile']
volumeMounts:
- name: workdir
mountPath: /opt/
volumes:
- name: workdir
emptyDir: {}
参考:Init Container https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-initialization/#creating-a-pod-that-has-an-init-container
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/
- 指定在命名空间内创建一个pod名称为test,内含四个指定的镜像nginx、redis、memcached、busybox
第一种方式
kubectl run test --image=nginx --image=redis --image=memcached --image=buxybox --restart=Never -n <namespace>
第二种方式
cat pod4.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kucc
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
- name: redis
image: redis
- name: memcached
image: memcached
- name: consul
image: consul
kubectl apply -f pod4.yaml
必须自己写 yaml
7. 创建一个pod名称为test,镜像为nginx,Volume名称cache-volume为挂在在/data目录下,且Volume是non-Persistent的
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /data
name: cache-volume
volumes:
- name: cache-volume
emptyDir: {}
参考:volume : https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#local
- 列出Service名为test下的pod 并找出使用CPU使用率最高的一个,将pod名称写入文件中
#使用-o wide 获取service test的SELECTOR
kubectl get svc test -o wide
##获取结果我就随便造了
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR
test ClusterIP None 3306/TCP 50d app=wordpress,tier=mysql
#获取对应SELECTOR的pod使用率,找到最大那个写入文件中
kubectl top pods -l 'app=wordpress,tier=mysql'
9.创建一个Pod名称为nginx-app,镜像为nginx,并根据pod创建名为nginx-app的Service,type为NodePort
kubectl run nginx-app --image=nginx
之后创建service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-app
spec:
selector:
run: nginx-app
ports:
- name: http
protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
- name: https
protocol: TCP
port: 443
targetPort: 9377
type: NodePort
参考:service https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/
10.创建一个nginx的Workload,保证其在每个节点上运行,注意不要覆盖节点原有的Tolerations
这道题直接复制文档的yaml太长了,由于damonSet的格式和Deployment格式差不多,我用旁门左道的方法 先创建Deploy,再修改,这样速度会快一点
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx:1.17.1 -oyaml > nginx-daemonset.yaml
修改yaml文件
vi nginx-daemonset.yaml
#修改apiVersion和kind
#apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
#kind: Deployment
apiVersion:apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: nginx
name: nginx
spec:
#去掉replicas
# replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
run: nginx
strategy: {}
template:
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
resources: {}
status: {}
- 将deployment为nginx-app的副本数从1变成4。
#方法1
kubectl scale --replicas=4 deployment nginx-app
#方法2,使用edit命令将replicas改成4
kubectl edit deploy nginx-app
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/
- 创建nginx-app的deployment ,使用镜像为nginx:1.11.0-alpine ,修改镜像为1.11.3-alpine,并记录升级,再使用回滚,将镜像回滚至nginx:1.11.0-alpine
# 创建nginx-app的deployment
kubectl run nginx-app --image=nginx:1.11.0-alpine --record
# 修改镜像,nginx-app为container的名字
kubectl set image deployment nginx-app nginx-app=nginx:1.11.3-alipne
# 回滚
kubectl rollout undo deployment nginx-app
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/
- 根据已有的一个nginx的pod、创建名为nginx的svc、并使用nslookup查找出service dns记录,pod的dns记录并分别写入到指定的文件中
#创建一个服务
kubectl create svc nodeport nginx --tcp=80:80
#创建一个指定版本的busybox,用于执行nslookup
kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/admin/dns/busybox.yaml
#将svc的dns记录写入文件中
kubectl exec -ti busybox -- nslookup nginx > 指定文件
#获取pod的ip地址
kubectl get pod nginx -o yaml
#将获取的pod ip地址使用nslookup查找dns记录
kubectl exec -ti busybox -- nslookup <Pod ip>
考点:网络相关,DNS解析
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-debugging-resolution/
- 创建Secret 名为mysecret,内含有password字段,值为bob,然后 在pod1里 使用ENV进行调用,Pod2里使用Volume挂载在/data 下
#将密码值使用base64加密,记录在Notepad里
echo -n 'bob' | base64
secret.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
password: Ym9i
pod1.yaml 使用env进行调用
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod2
spec:
containers:
- name: mycontainer
image: redis
env:
- name: SECRET_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysecret
key: password
pod2.yaml 挂载到data目录下
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod1
spec:
containers:
- name: mypod
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: mysecret
mountPath: "/data"
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: mysecret
secret:
secretName: mysecret
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/
- 使node1节点不可调度,并重新分配该节点上的pod
#直接drain会出错,需要添加–ignore-daemonsets --delete-local-data参数
kubectl drain node node1 --ignore-daemonsets --delete-local-data
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/safely-drain-node/
- 使用etcd 备份功能备份etcd(提供enpoints,ca、cert、key)
ETCDCTL_API=3
etcdctl --endpoints https://127.0.0.1:2379 \
--cacert=ca.pem --cert=cert.pem --key=key.pem \
snapshot save snapshotdb
- 给出一个失联节点的集群,排查节点故障,要保证改动是永久的。
#查看集群状态
kubectl get nodes
#查看故障节点信息
kubectl describe node node1
#Message显示kubelet无法访问(记不清了)
#进入故障节点
ssh node1
#查看节点中的kubelet进程
ps -aux | grep kubelete
#没找到kubelet进程,查看kubelet服务状态
systemctl status kubelet.service
#kubelet服务没启动,启动服务并观察
systemctl start kubelet.service
#启动正常,enable服务
systemctl enable kubelet.service
#回到考试节点并查看状态
exit
kubectl get nodes #正常
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-cluster/
- 创建一个pv,类型是hostPath,位于/data中,大小1G,模式ReadOnlyMany
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv-host
spec:
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Recycle
storageClassName: slow
hostPath:
path: /data
参考: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/
- 给出一个集群,将节点node1添加到集群中,并使用TLS bootstrapping
参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kube-controller-manager-configurationhttps://blog.fanfengqiang.com/2019/03/11/kubernetes-TLS-Bootstrapping%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/