Linux 平台下 RMAN 全备和增量备份 shell 脚本

原创

tianlesoftware 2022-10-19 16:38:40 博主文章分类：Oracle RMAN ©著作权

文章标签 shell 平台 linux oracle 脚本 文章分类 OpenStack 云计算

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一． 一些准备知识

Oracle 分归档和非归档模式。redo log的处理。归档模式下，当一个redo log 写满之后，就会把这个redo log里的内容写入归档文件，等写完之后，这个redo log 就可以继续使用，如果是非归档模式下，redo log 就直接覆盖了。恢复一般都需要归档文件，这里面记录了对数据库的操作，所以生产库一般都运行在归档模式下。关于归档模式和非归档模式的切换参考Blog：

Oracle 归档与非归档的切换

http://www.cndba.cn/Dave/article/1270

RMAN 备份的存放位置也有2种选择，一种是直接备份到磁盘，另一种就是备份到磁带。现在的大公司，一般都使用Symnatec Veritas NetBackup 软件来进行备份。这款软件扩展了RMAN的功能和优点，所有用起来比较方便。 08年刚工作的时候就遇到了一个安装NetBackup的实战机会，可惜那时刚接触Oracle，连Oracle 都不了解，更不提NetBackup了，转眼2年过去了，在也没有遇到这样的机会，不知道什么时候才能玩玩NetBackup。遗憾啊。

使用RMAN 备份也分catalog 和nocatalog，就是是否使用恢复目录，如果不使用恢复目录，那么就是用control file作为catalog，每一次备份都要往控制文件里面写好多备份信息，控制文件里面会有越来越多的备份信息。因此，当使用rman nocatalog方式备份时，备份controlfile是非常重要的。catalog模式，就需要句需要创建catalog目录。当库比较多时，使用catalog也是比较方便的。具体参考：

RMAN Catalog 和 Nocatalog 的区别

http://www.cndba.cn/Dave/article/1070

RMAN的备份也分两种，一种是全备，另一种增量备份。Window 下的备份脚本，参考Blog：

Windows下RMAN备份脚本

http://www.cndba.cn/Dave/article/1071

关于控制文件对于RMAN的重要性，可以参考下面blog中的第四节：

RMAN 系列（一）---- RMAN 体系结构概述

http://www.cndba.cn/Dave/article/1165

修改控制文件的保存时间，从默认的7天改成14天

SQL> show parameter control

SQL> alter system set control_file_record_keep_time=14 scope=both;

开启控制文件的自动备份，开启之后在数据库备份或者数据文件（比如添加数据文件）有修改的时候都会自动备份控制文件和spfile文件。

Configure controlfile autobackup on;

当数据库兼容性设置为大于等于10.0.0时，尽管在没有0级备份情况做1级的增量备份实际上是一个全备，但是这个全备也是1级的，不能用作1级积累增量备份的基础备份，这个是在设计备份策略的时候要注意的问题。

二．全备脚本

以 nocatalog 模式为例：

Shell 脚本：

########################################################################
##   hot_database_backup.sh      ##
##   created by Tianlesoftware   ##
##        2010-7-16                 ##
#########################################################################
#!/bin/sh 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Determine the user which is executing this script. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
CUSER=`id |cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d ")" -f1` 
 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Put output in <this file name>.out. Change as desired. 
# Note: output directory requires write permission. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
RMAN_LOG_FILE=${0}.out 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# You may want to delete the output file so that backup information does 
# not accumulate.  If not, delete the following lines. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
if [ -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE" ] 
then 
rm -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE" 
fi 
# ----------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Initialize the log file. 
# ----------------------------------------------------------------- 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
chmod 666 $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Log the start of this script. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo ==== started on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Oracle home path. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1 
export ORACLE_HOME 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# the Oracle SID of the target database. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
ORACLE_SID=orcl 
export ORACLE_SID 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# The Oracle DBA user id (account). 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
ORACLE_USER=oracle 
export ORACLE_USER 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Set the Oracle Recovery Manager name. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
RMAN=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Print out the value of the variables set by this script. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo   "RMAN: $RMAN" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo   "ORACLE_SID: $ORACLE_SID" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo   "ORACLE_USER: $ORACLE_USER" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo   "ORACLE_HOME: $ORACLE_HOME" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Print out the value of the variables set by bphdb. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#echo  >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
#echo   "NB_ORA_FULL: $NB_ORA_FULL" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
#echo   "NB_ORA_INCR: $NB_ORA_INCR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
#echo   "NB_ORA_CINC: $NB_ORA_CINC" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
#echo   "NB_ORA_SERV: $NB_ORA_SERV" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
#echo   "NB_ORA_POLICY: $NB_ORA_POLICY" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: This script assumes that the database is properly opened. If desired, 
# this would be the place to verify that. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Call Recovery Manager to initiate the backup. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 
CMD_STR=" 
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME 
export ORACLE_HOME 
ORACLE_SID=$ORACLE_SID 
export ORACLE_SID 
$RMAN nocatalog target sys/admin  msglog $RMAN_LOG_FILE append << EOF 
RUN { 
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
 
BACKUP FORMAT '/u01/backup/orcl_%U_%T' skip inaccessible filesperset 5  DATABASE TAG orcl_hot_db_bk; 
 
sql 'alter system archive log current';
 
BACKUP FORMAT '/u01/backup/arch_%U_%T' skip inaccessible filesperset 5 ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE INPUT; 
 
backup current controlfile tag='bak_ctlfile' format='/u01/backup/ctl_file_%U_%T';
backup spfile tag='spfile' format='/u01/backup/ORCL_spfile_%U_%T';
 
release channel c2;
release channel c1;
}
report obsolete; 
delete noprompt obsolete; 
crosscheck backup; 
delete noprompt expired backup;
list backup summary; 
#EOF 
" 
# Initiate the command string 
 
if [ "$CUSER" = "root" ] 
then 
    echo "Root Command String: $CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE     
    su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
    RSTAT=$? 
else 
    echo "User Command String: $CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE     
    /bin/sh -c "$CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
    RSTAT=$? 
fi 
 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Log the completion of this script. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
if [ "$RSTAT" = "0" ] 
then 
    LOGMSG="ended successfully" 
else 
    LOGMSG="ended in error" 
fi 
 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo ==== $LOGMSG on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
/bin/mailx -s "RMAN Backup SID " daimm@sf-express.com < $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
 
exit $RSTAT

三．增量备份

以catalog模式为例：

在存放catalog的实例上创建catalog 目录：

1.创建Catalog所需要的表空间

SQL>create tablespace catalog_ts datafile 'D:/APP/ADMINISTRATOR/ORADATA/ORCL/catalog_ts1.dbf' size 20M;

2.创建RMAN用户并授权

SQL>create user catalog identified by catalog default tablespace catalog_ts;

SQL>grant recovery_catalog_owner to catalog;

查看角色所拥有的权限:

select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER';

3.创建恢复目录

[oracle@db1 scripts]$ rman target / catalog catalog/catalog@catalog1;

Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 15 12:03:16 2010

connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1248423599)

connected to recovery catalog database

RMAN> create catalog tablespace catalog_ts;

recovery catalog created

如果此处报错：

ORACLE error from recovery catalog database: ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object

可以用命令删除catalog，在创建：

RMAN> drop catalog;

recovery catalog owner is CATALOG

enter DROP CATALOG command again to confirm catalog removal

RMAN> drop catalog

recovery catalog dropped

RMAN> register database;

database registered in recovery catalog

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

RMAN>

差异备份有3个级别：

0级：相当于全备，不同的是0级可用于增量备份，全备不行。

1级：备份自上次0级备份以来的数据

2级：备份自上次备份依赖的数据

脚本的增量备份策略：0级备份，周四1级备份，其他2级备份

Shell 脚本：

########################################################################
##   incremental_hot_database_backup.sh      ##
##   created by Tianlesoftware            ##
##        2010-7-16                          ##
#########################################################################
#!/bin/ksh 
export LANG=en_US
BACKUP_DATE=`date +%d`
RMAN_LOG_FILE=${0}.out
TODAY=`date`
USER=`id|cut -d "(" -f2|cut -d ")" -f1`
echo "-----------------$TODAY-------------------">$RMAN_LOG_FILE
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_HOME
RMAN=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman
export RMAN
ORACLE_SID=orcl
export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_USER=oracle
export ORACLE_USER
 
echo "ORACLE_SID: $ORACLE_SID">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_HOME:$ORACLE_HOME">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_USER:$ORACLE_USER">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "==========================================">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "BACKUP DATABASE BEGIN......">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "                   ">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
chmod 666 $RMAN_LOG_FILE
 
WEEK_DAILY=`date +%a`
 
case  "$WEEK_DAILY" in
       "Mon")
            BAK_LEVEL=2
            ;;
       "Tue")
            BAK_LEVEL=2
            ;;
       "Wed")
            BAK_LEVEL=2
            ;;
       "Thu")
            BAK_LEVEL=1
            ;;
       "Fri")
            BAK_LEVEL=2
            ;;
       "Sat")
            BAK_LEVEL=2
            ;;
       "Sun")
            BAK_LEVEL=0
            ;;
       "*")
            BAK_LEVEL=error
esac
export BAK_LEVEL=$BAK_LEVEL 
echo "Today is : $WEEK_DAILY  incremental level= $BAK_LEVEL">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
 
RUN_STR="
BAK_LEVEL=$BAK_LEVEL
export BAK_LEVEL
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME
export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=$ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_SID
$RMAN TARGET sys/admin CATALOG catalog/catalog@catalog1  msglog $RMAN_LOG_FILE append <<EOF
run
{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
backup  incremental level= $BAK_LEVEL  skip inaccessible filesperset 5 Database format='/u01/backup/orcl_lev"$BAK_LEVEL"_%U_%T'  tag='orcl_lev"$BAK_LEVEL"' ;
 
sql 'alter system archive log current';
 
backup archivelog all tag='arc_bak' format='/u01/backup/arch_%U_%T' skip inaccessible  filesperset 5 not  backed up 1 times  delete input;
 
backup current controlfile tag='bak_ctlfile' format='/u01/backup/ctl_file_%U_%T';
backup spfile tag='spfile' format='/u01/backup/ORCL_spfile_%U_%T';
 
release channel c2;
release channel c1;
}
report obsolete; 
delete noprompt obsolete; 
crosscheck backup; 
delete noprompt expired backup;
list backup summary; 
resync catalog;
EOF
"
 # Initiate the command string 
 
if [ "$CUSER" = "root" ] 
then 
    echo "Root Command String: $RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE     
    su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
    RSTAT=$? 
else 
    echo "User Command String: $RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE     
    /bin/sh -c "$RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
    RSTAT=$? 
fi 
 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Log the completion of this script. 
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
if [ "$RSTAT" = "0" ] 
then 
    LOGMSG="ended successfully" 
else 
    LOGMSG="ended in error" 
fi 
 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo ==== $LOGMSG on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
/bin/mailx -s "RMAN Backup SID " daimm@sf-express.com < $RMAN_LOG_FILE 
 
exit $RSTAT

将该备份脚本添加到crontab，然后定时执行：

[oracle@db1 u01]$ crontab -l

00 1 * * * /u01/scripts/incremental_hotbackup.sh

在测试的时候，我们可以手工的修改，然后查看脚本的执行情况即可：

[root@db1 ~]# date --set "2010-7-16 11:11:11"

------------------------------2010年8月23日补充--------------------------

用这个脚本的时候发现一个问题，备份集可以通过设定保存粗略定期删除，但是备份的归档文件无法删除。

所以还需要定期的删除备份的归档文件。一般保存15天。 shell 脚本如下。添加到crontab 里定时执行就可以了。

del_archive_backup.sh

#!/bin/ksh
# ##################################################################
#
# delete archvivelog backup file.sh
# tianlesoftware
#
# ##################################################################
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:.:/usr/X/bin:/bin
export PATH
find /u01/incremental_hotbackup -mtime +15 -name "arch_*" -exec rm {} /;

说明，这里的路径写你自己的就可以了。

感谢jonkingwar ，你说的地方已经修改，至于#EOF ，估计是和平台有关系。我在调试的时候运行有错误，把这行注释掉就可以运行了。所以如果相同错误的，可以考虑这种方法。没有更好。

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