文章目录
- 1. 连接数据库使用的头文件和库文件
- 2、初始化连接句柄
- 3. 连接数据库
- 4. 关闭连接
- 5. 执行sql语句
- 6. 提取结果
- 7. 获取结果集中有多少行
- 8. 取出结果集中的一行记录
- 9. 查看记录行的列数
- 10. 释放结果集占用的内存
- 11. 获取错误信息
- 12. 连接测试程序
一、SQL语句
创建数据库:create database XXX charset=utf8;
查询当前所用数据库:select database();
删除数据库:drop database XXX;
创建表:create table XXX(id int, name varchar(20));
查看表结构:desc XXX;
创建表:
create table stu(
id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(20),
age tinyint unsigned default 0,
high decimal(5,2),
gender enum("man", "woman"),
class_id int unsigned
);
插入数据:insert into stu values(0, "shen", 20, 188, "man", 1);
添加属性:alter table stu add birthday datatime;
修改属性约束:alter table stu modify birthday date;
修改字段名:alter table stu change birthday birth date default "1999-06-08"
删除属性:alter table stu drop high;
删除表:drop table stu;
查看表的创建语句:show create table stu;
插入: insert into stu values(0, "zhang", 20, "man", 1, "1999-09-11");
insert into stu values(null, "zhang", 20, "man", 1, "1999-09-11");
insert into stu values(default, "zhang", 20, "man", 1, "1999-09-11");
部分插入:insert into stu(name, gender) values("shen", "man");
批量插入:insert into stu(name, gender) values("shen", "man")
values("zhang", "woman")
value("huang", "man");
修改:
update stu set gender="man", age=22 where name = "shen";
查询:
select * from stu where id = 2;
select name as 姓名, gender as 性别 from stu where id = 2; -- as起别名
逻辑删除:
alter table stu add is_deleted int defalut 0;
select s.id as 编号, s.name as 姓名 from stu as s; -- 起别名
select stu.id as 编号, stu.name as 姓名 from stu as s; -- 起了别名不用就会异常,不认识stu
select distinct gender from stu; -- 去重
-- 条件查询
select * from stu where age > 18;
select * from stu where age = 18;
select * from stu where age <= 18;
select * from stu where age>18 and age<28;
select * from stu where age<18 or height>170;
select * from stu where not (age<18 or height>170);
select * from stu where age>18 and gender="man";
-- 模糊查询, "%"替换一个或多个或没有,"_"替换一个
select * from stu where name like "沈%"; -- 沈姓
select * from stu where name like "%鑫%"; -- 含有"鑫"
select * from stu where name like "__"; -- 两个字符的名字
select * from stu where name like "__%"; -- 至少含有两个字符的名字
-- 利用regular expression查找
select * from stu where name rlike "^周.*伦$" -- 名字为"周...伦"
-- 范围查询
select * from stu where age in (11, 22, 33);
select * from stu where age not in (11, 22, 33);
select * from stu where age between 11 and 22; -- [11, 22]
select * from stu where age not between 11 and 22; -- "between and" 和 "not between and"的用法
-- 判空
select * from stu where height is null;
select * from stu where height is not null;
-- 排序
select * from stu where gender = "man" order by age asc;
select * from stu where gender = "man" order by age desc;
select * from stu where (age between 18 and 24) and gender="man" order by age desc, id desc;
-- 聚合函数
select count(*) as 男生人数 from stu where gender = "man";
select max(age) as 最大年龄 from stu;
select avg(age) as 平均年龄 from stu;
select round(avg(age), 2) as 平均年龄保留两位小数 from stu; -- 四舍五入,round不写参数,默认为0
select min(height) as 最小身高 from stu;
select sum(height) as 总身高 from stu;
-- 分组,分组和聚合一起用才有意义
select gender, count(*) from stu group by gender; -- 聚合函数对分组进行操作,查询结果必须含有分组属性
select gender, avg(age) from stu group by gender; -- 各个性别的平均年龄
select gender, group_concat(name, "_", id) from stu group by gender; -- 查询分组里的姓名
-- where对原表的数据进行条件判断,having对分组进行条件判断,计算男性人数
select gender, count(*) from stu group by gender having gender = "man";
select gender, count(*) from stu where gender = "man" group by gender; -- 计算男性人数
select gender, group_concat(name) from stu group by gender having count(*)>2; -- 人数大于2的性别信息
-- 分页
-- 限制查询的数量,用法:limit count 或 limit start count
select * from stu limit 2; -- 只显示2个
select * from stu limit 0, 5; -- 从0开始显示5个
select * from stu limit 5, 5; -- 从5开始显示5个,limit (page-1)*num, num
select * from stu limit (7-1)*5, 5; -- 报错
select * from stu order by age desc limit 10,2; -- 先按照年龄降序排列,再输出第6页的数据
-- 连接查询
select * from stu, class; -- 笛卡尔积
select * from stu inner join class; -- 笛卡尔积
-- 内连接,相同属性也显示
select * from stu, class where stu.class_id = class.cls_id;
select * from stu inner join class on stu.class_id = class.cls_id; -- 内连接,不满足条件则不显示
select s.name, c.name from stu as s inner join class as c on s.class_id = c.cls_id;
select c.name, s.name from stu as s inner join class as c on s.class_id = c.cls_id order by c.name, s.class_id;
-- 左连接
-- 以"left join"左边的表为基准,到另外一张表查找数据,满足条件则显示,不满足则为NULL
select * from stu left join class on stu.class_id = class.cls_id;
select * from stu left join class on stu.class_id = class.cls_id having class.cls_id = null;
select * from stu left join class on stu.class_id = class.cls_id where class_id = null;
-- 子查询,可以把子查询得到的结果当作一个新的表对待
select * from stu where height = (select max(height) from stu);
-- 以left join左边的表为基准,到另外一张表查找数据,满足条件则显示,不满足则为NULL
select * from
(select cate_name, max(price) as max_price from goods group by cate_name) as g_new
left join
goods as g
on g_new.cate_name=g.cate_name and g_new.max_price=g.price
order by g_new.cate_name;
-- 带子查询的insert
insert into goods_cates(name) select cate_name from goods group by cate_name;
-- 更新的是goods表
update goods as g inner join goods_cates as c on g.cate_name=c.name set g.cate_name=c.id;
-- 插入外键foreign key,goods表中的cate_id 参照 goods_cates表中的id
alter table goods add foreign key (cate_id) references goods_cates(id);
-- 删除外键
alter table goods drop foreign key
-- 视图只操作它可以查询出来的数据,对于它查询不出的数据,即使基表有,也不可以通过视图来操作。
-- 1.对于update,有with check option,要保证update后,数据要被视图查询出来
-- 2.对于delete,有无with check option都一样
-- 3.对于insert,有with check option,要保证insert后,数据要被视图查询出来
-- 4.对于没有where 子句的视图,使用with check option是多余的
-- 视图方便查数据
create view v_goods_info as select g.*, c.name as cate_name, b.name as brand_name from goods as g left join goods_cates as c on g.cate_id=c.id left join goods_brands as b on g.brand_id=b.id
-- 删除视图
drop view
start transaction -- 开启事务 或 begin
insert into class values(3,"python_03期");
rollback
commit -- 提交事物,只要不提交,期间执行的事物都可以rollback
-- 建立索引,查找的时间大大减小
-- 建立索引影响insert和update,因为数据表更新后还得更新索引查找树
set profiling = 1
create index my_index on stu(name(20))
show profiles -- 查看所用时间
show index from stu -- 查看索引
-- 主从数据库:读写分离、负载均衡、数据备份
-- 导出数据库:mysqldump -u root -p test > test.sql
-- 导入数据库: mysql -u roor new_test < test.sql
二、C语言连接数据库
安装开发c/c++的库:apt install libmysqlclient-dev
1. 连接数据库使用的头文件和库文件
#include <mysql/mysql.h>
有些也在 #include <mysql.h>
程序中使用了访问mysql的有关函数接口,需要在链接时指定库名: linux平台为 -lmysqlclient
2、初始化连接句柄
MYSQL *mysql_init(MYSQL *mysql);
该方法用来初始化一个连接句柄,如果参数为空,则返回一个指向新分配的连接句柄的指针。如果传递一个已
有的结构,它将被重新初始化。出错时返回为NULL。
3. 连接数据库
MYSQL *mysql_real_connect(MYSQL *mysql, const char *host,
const char *user, const char *passwd,
const char *db, unsigned int port,
const char *unix_socket,
unsigned long clientflag);
参数介绍,其中
mysql是上一步mysql_init方法初始化后返回的指针,
host是主机名,或者连接的服务器IP地址,本地可以使用"localhost",或"127.0.0.1"或"",或
NULL
user是用户名,数据库中添加的用户,管理员是"root",
passwd 是用户的密码,
db 是数据库的名字,
port 是数据库的端口 3306,也可直接写0,意味着使用mysql默认端口,
unix_socket 一般为NULL,表示不使用unix套接字或者管道
clientflag 标志位,一般给0
返回值,失败为NULL,成功与第一个参数值相同。
4. 关闭连接
void mysql_close(MYSQL *mysql);
5. 执行sql语句
int mysql_query(MYSQL *mysql, const char *q);
参数: mysql 是之前连接后返回的指针,
q 是要执行的sql语句,末尾可以没有分号,这个在命令工具中使用不同。
返回值:成功返回0。
注意:如果sql语句中有二进制数据,则应该使用mysql_real_query();
6. 提取结果
MYSQL_RES *mysql_store_result(MYSQL *mysql); 一次性提取所有数据
//MYSQL_RES *mysql_use_result(MYSQL *mysql);一次提取一行数据q
该方法,是在执行 mysql_query()成功之后调用的,可以立刻保存在客户端中收到的所有数据。
它返回一个指向结果集结构的指针。如果失败返回NULL;
7. 获取结果集中有多少行
uint64_t mysql_num_rows(MYSQL_RES *res);
只有执行了 mysql_store_result()之后,才可以调用该方法,获取结果集中的行数。如果没有返回行,则为0;
8. 取出结果集中的一行记录
MYSQL_ROW mysql_fetch_row(MYSQL_RES *result);
从结果集中取出一行,并把它存放到一个行结构中。当数据用完或者出错时,返回为NULL,通常该方法需要循环调用。
9. 查看记录行的列数
unsigned int mysql_field_count(MYSQL *mysql);
10. 释放结果集占用的内存
void mysql_free_result(MYSQL_RES *result);
11. 获取错误信息
unsigned int mysql_errno(MYSQL *mysql); 返回错误码
const char *mysql_error(MYSQL *mysql);
12. 连接测试程序
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mysql/mysql.h>
int main(){
MYSQL connect;//mysql连接对象
mysql_init(&connect);
//连接到mysql
if(mysql_real_connect(&connect,"localhost","root","root","test",3306,NULL,0)){
printf("连接mysql成功\n");
}else{
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(&connect));
printf("连接mysql失败\n");
}
//关闭mysql连接
mysql_close(&connect);
return 0;
}
三、增加、修改、删除的程序
仅仅是SQL语句不同
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <mysql/mysql.h>
int main(){
MYSQL* conn = mysql_init(NULL);
if(NULL == conn){
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
//连接到mysql
if(mysql_real_connect(conn,"localhost","root","root","testdb",3306,NULL,0)){
printf("连接mysql成功\n");
}else{
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
char sql[128] = {0};
// sprintf(sql, "insert into stu values(%s, %d)", "\"小李\"", 23);
// sprintf(sql, "update stu set age = %d where name = %s", 30, "\'小张\'");
sprintf(sql, "delete from stu where name = %s", "\'小张\'");
int res = mysql_query(conn, sql);
if(0 != res){
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
printf("sql执行成功\n");
//关闭mysql连接
mysql_close(conn);
return 0;
}
三、查询的程序
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <mysql/mysql.h>
int main(){
MYSQL* conn = mysql_init(NULL);
if(NULL == conn){
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
//连接到mysql
if(mysql_real_connect(conn,"localhost","root","root","testdb",3306,NULL,0)){
printf("连接mysql成功\n");
}else{
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
char sql[128] = {0};
sprintf(sql, "select * from stu");
int res = mysql_query(conn, sql);
if(0 != res){
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
printf("sql执行成功\n");
// 获取结果集
MYSQL_RES* mysql_res = mysql_store_result(conn);
if(NULL == mysql_res){
printf("err:%s\n",mysql_error(conn));
exit(0);
}
// 获取记录条数以及属性个数
int num = mysql_num_rows(mysql_res);
int column = mysql_field_count(conn);
if(0 == num){
printf("没有查询到信息\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("查询到%d条信息, 每条信息有%d个属性\n", num, column);
// 循环打印获取的记录
for(int i = 0; i < num; i++){
MYSQL_ROW mysql_row = mysql_fetch_row(mysql_res);
if(NULL == mysql_row){
printf("数据处理完成\n");
}
for(int j = 0; j < column; j++){
printf("%s ", mysql_row[j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
// 释放结果集
mysql_free_result(mysql_res);
//关闭mysql连接
mysql_close(conn);
return 0;
}
四、用户管理与授权
查看用户信息: select user,host,plugin from mysql.user;
创建用户示例: create user 'stu'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
创建用户指定加密方式 示例:create user 'stu1'@'localhost' identified WITH mysql_native_password by '123456';
更新用户密码,指定加密方式,注意密码强度大小写数字:
ALTER user 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '123456';
授权用户对那些数据库的那些表可以进行操作 示例:
GRANT SELECT ON database_name.table_name TO 'user_name'@'localhost'
GRANT INSERT ON database_name.table_name TO 'user_name'@'localhost'
GRANT ALL ON database_name.table_name TO 'user_name'@'localhost'
删除用户:drop user 'name'@'localhost';