考研英语(41-50)转自何凯文老师
精选 转载w617029662 博主文章分类:ENGLISH
41. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
【词汇突破】
Futurist:未来主义
with regard to:关于(替换词:with respect to,in the light of,in terms of )
【主干识别】the case is rather difficult 加原因状语从句
【其他成分】With regard to Futurist poetry状语;for it can hardly be classed as Literature.原因状语从句;whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right原因状语从句中的让步状语从句。
【微观解析】 whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right中,even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right在句中充当状语,admmiting 后接宾语从句,主干为the theory may be right,on which it is based作定语修饰the theory,it 指代futurist poetry。
这个句子的难点还在于whatever的用法。whatever的字典释义为:
(1)代词(pron.) ①任何(事物), 每样(事物) ②无论什么, 不管什么③(用于问句,表示惊讶或困惑)到底是什么,究竟是什④(用于回应,表示不在乎或不感兴趣)或许吧,无所谓 ⑤(表示不在乎,什么都可接受)什么都可以
(2)形容词(adj.)①任何, 什么……
(3)副词 (adv.)① 任何② 一点儿都(不);丝毫(不);什么都(没有)③不管发生什么。
whatever的用法主要有以下两点需要关注:
(1)引导名词性从句,相当于anything that,意思是“所……的任何事情”,在语气上比what更加强调。例:
Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是对的。
Take whatever you want. 你想要什么就拿什么吧。
(2)引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter what,意思是“无论什么”,“不管什么”,whatever在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例:
Whatever happens,you mustn’t lose your heart.
无论发生什么事情,你都不要丧失信心。(作主语)
Whatever you do,do it well.
无论你做什么事情都要把它做好。(作宾语)
Whatever I am,it is useful to know foreign languages.
无论我干什么,懂几门外语总是有用的。(作表语)
You have to go on whatever difficulties you meet.
不管遇到什么困难你都得进行下去。(作定语)
【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点在于结构复杂的状语从句,在状语中还加入了处理的办法是先将句子简化,理解之后再逐渐加入其他的成分,这也是长难句的通常解决办法
【译文赏析】然而就未来主义诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单了,因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么——就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的——这种形式也很难被归入文学。
42. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
【词汇突破】
apart from 除开;相当于besides; in addition to 的意思。
promote 促销
Parliament:议会
live up to:不辜负,在翻译时常处理为符合
【主干识别】no regular advertiser dare promote a product 加定语从句
【其他成分】Apart from the fact 介词结构作状语;that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising同位语从句对fact的进一步阐释;that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements定语从句,修饰product。
【难点揭秘】这句话的主干较为清晰,复杂的地方在于多重的否定。我们可以找到no和fail这两个具有否定意思的词,根据汉语知识可知双重否定为肯定,这样一来句意就会清楚很多。对于否定词的敏感度不够会造成歧义。状语部分的识别也有一定难度、
【译文赏析】除去议会用来规范广告的第27条法案的限制之外,没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种不符合其广告承诺的商品。
【翻译点拨】对于live up to 的翻译用到的是常见的反译法的技巧,反译法即正话反说,来表达相同的意思。如:.I lay awake all night.(我一夜没合眼.。) He never lies.(他每次都说真话。)
43. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
【词汇突破】 detect :检测,侦查
massive:巨大的,大规模的(写作中可用到的替换词)
【主干识别】The notion is that 加表语从句
【其他成分】people have failed to detect the massive changes 表语从句(表语从句是对主语的阐释。);which have happened in the ocean 定语从句,修饰为changes;because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past原因状语从句。
【微观解析】句子的主干是The notion is that+表语从句,而定语从句则是修饰表语从句中的一个词,因此在理解翻译时需要注意主次关系。对于fail这一类带有否定意味的词可直接作为not来理解。relatively 修饰short .
【难点揭秘】原句中的从句较多,需要有层次的去理解,
【译文赏析】意思就是说人们没有发现海里发生的巨大变化,因为他们只看了过去相对较短的一段时间。
【翻译点拨】对于The notion is的处理可以是 意思是说…,或者,人们认为……
44. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
【词汇突破】
inflation:膨胀,通货膨胀
general commodity-price inflation
global excess demand:全球过旺需求(金融类的词汇)
【主干识别】One more reason is that 加表语从句
【其他成分】not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices:不定式做定语修饰reason。这里需要注意的是不定式的否定是在to前面加not;unlike the rises in the 1970s插入语,它将表语从句的连接词与后面的部分隔离开来;it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand表语从句,主干为it has not occurred against the background。
【微观解析】这个句子的特点在于修饰成分较多进而将句子的主干隔离开来,因此对于各种修饰成分应该有极高的辨识能力。
【难点揭秘】零散的句式成为阻碍理解的因素,尤其是表语从句的冗长。
【译文赏析】另外一个不因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次涨价不像70年代的那些次上涨,它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。
45. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
【词汇突破】
discrimination:歧视
alphabet:字母表
【主干识别】This refers to discrimination against those加定语从句
【其他成分】for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage:插入语,可改写为:for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet理解起来会方便很多;as yet至今;whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet定语从句。
【微观解析】若是对于句中的插入语理解起来有困难,不妨试着改变它的句式结构,将长定语还原为定语从句,而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合,使文章的句式更加灵活多变。
【难点揭秘】较长插入语的出现会混淆视听,不容易把握主干。
【译文赏析】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说,它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视
46. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
【词汇突破】
democratic:民主的
populist:平民主义的
【主干识别:】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句。
【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入语;our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提炼出sth has driven sb to do… 这个句型;that smells of elitism定语从句,修饰anything。(注意smell的介词搭配)。
【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解,可将这个句子变为Hofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。”这样的由直接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度
【难点揭秘】灵活的利用插入语改变句式是这个句子给我们的启示。
【译文赏析】Hofstadter说,从我们的历史一开始,我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西
47. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
47.
【词汇突破】
depletion:消耗(consume的同义替换词)
ozone layer:臭氧层(碰到这种专业词汇不要慌张,判断出它是一个名词即可)
【主干识别】the enemies are those 加定语从句
【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University插入语,相当于上一句中的says Hofstadter,of Stanford University做定语修饰Paul Ehrllch;a pioneer of environmental studies:插入语;who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth定语从句修饰those。
【微观解析】a pioneer of environmental studies插入语,改写为who is a pioneer of environmental studies就
可以很快判断出它是修饰Paul Ehrllch的,而并非是句子的主语。定语从句中supporting global warming作evidence的定语(仍旧是修饰形式的变化)。
【难点揭秘】在这个句子中,关于Paul Ehrllch的修饰成分作为插入语造成了主干隔离。句子的后半部分,定语从句中修饰evidence的定语以非谓语的形式出现。另外由于插入语的存在可能会导致判断主语的失误从而句意理解错误。
【译文赏析】 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?6?1厄尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。
48. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column", "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
【词汇突破】
Wall Street Journal:华尔街日报
latitude:纬度(the widest possible latitude:尽可能大的自由,写作中可运用。)
【主干识别】the test lies in 加宾语从句。
【其他成分】he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column插入语;lies not in…but in…(是在于……而不在于……),写作句式,在理解句意时大可忽略not 后的内容而关注but后的内容。how well it can control expression宾语从句;whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude宾语从句,however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...让步状语从句,注意however的用法在前面状语部分的第六个例句有详细的讲解。
【微观解析】宾语从句主干为 whether it gives freedom the widest possible latitude. give sb sth 是我们熟悉的表达,但是give sth sth 也是同样可以的。调整插入语的位置可较容易的找到句子主干,要清楚not…but…结构中强调的but后面的内容,同时准确把握从句的主干。
【难点揭秘】特殊的句式,较长的从句会使句子理解起来比较困难。
【译文赏析】"对任何一个民主社会的考验,"他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏文章中写到,"不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达以尽可能广泛的自由,不管有时候可能造成的结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快"。
49. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.
【词汇突破】
irresistible :不可抗拒的(写作常用句型:sth has become a irresistible tendency.)
momentum: 势头,趋势
individualism 个人主义
【主干识别】the shift is part of the momentum.
【其他成分】away from family life to solo lifestyle 介词短语做定语修饰shift;observes a French sociologist插入语;over the last century状语。
【微观解析】注意对shift进行具体描述时用from…to…这个结构。
【难点揭秘】本句同样是对于插入语的识别:observes a French sociologist.= a French sociologist observes
【译文赏析】一个法国社会学家观察到,从家庭生活到独居生活的转变是过去一个世纪以来“不可抗拒的独立主义动力”的一个部分
49(2). The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.
【词汇突破】
fortuning:可观的(由fortune变化而来)
fortune 财富,未来
surging:汹涌澎湃的。
traffic 运量 ( 在用于网络的描述时表示:流量)
cover 可以表达的意思很丰富。例如:
(1).a hourse one day can cover 14 miles.(表示走过的距离)
(2).100 dollars could cover my monthly spending. (表示需要的金钱)等,写作中可运用。
【主干识别】the railroad industry does not earn enough
【其他成分】as a whole 定语;despite its brightening fortuning fortunes 插入语(这里的despite可以换为in spite of);it must invest 定语从句(这里省略了that);to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic表目的的不定式
【微观解析】the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic中,it must invest 为省略了that 的定语从句,to keep up with its traffic为定语修饰capital。句中较长的插入语可以转化为让步状语从句:though it owns brightening fortuning fortunes。这样处理不仅有助于分离出主干还可以加强对不同语法的掌握。
【难点揭秘】句意比较复杂,若是不能适当的处理插入语或许无法准确快速的掌握句子大意。
【译文赏析】就铁路工业整体而言,尽管拥有大好形势,但它的收入仍旧不可以与资本的消耗相平衡,而这些资本则是为了满足庞大的交通体系而必须的。
【翻译点拨】多个后置定语出现时可以用前置和拆分的方法分别处理
49(3).The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
【词汇突破】mediocrity:平等,平庸
natural selection:自然选择
off -spring
【主干识别】mediocrity means that 加宾语从句,主谓宾结构
【其他成分】everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring插入语(由“—…—”可判断出); that natural selection has lost 80% of its power 宾语从句;in upper-middle-class India 状语;compared to the tribe非谓语作状语。
【微观解析】everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring这里是将一个独立主格作为一个插入语来进一步解释mediocrity;还原其为一个句子则是:Everyone is the same in survival and number off-spring.这里的插入语相当于是对mediocrity的解释,因此在快速阅读时可以跳过不看。compared to the tribe提前到宾语从句开头的位置可以更通顺的翻译句子。
【难点揭秘】根据标点来判断插入语,非谓语的灵活运用。。
【译文赏析】当今人与人在很大程度上的平等—即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等,并且连子嗣的数目都一样—这意味着和印度土著部落的情况相比,自然选择在印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80%的作用。
【翻译点拨】对于状语的灵活处理
50. But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
【词汇突破】 professional training:职业训练
【主干识别】 professional training might be the way to go 加原因状语从句。
【其他成分】for a small group of students 介词短语做状语;since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.原因状语从句。
【微观解析】原因状语从句的主干为:since skill can be the difference between having a job or not. all other factors being equal独立主格结构的插入语,还原为一个句子则是:all other factors are equal.
【难点揭秘】这个句子的结构是一个典型的长短相错,利用状语,插入语将主从句主干分割开来,建议试着仿写。由于插入语的原因,寻找主干时需要注意主从句各自的主语与动词相对应。
【译文赏析】但是,对一个小部分学生来说,职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下,技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。
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