一、计算器界面制作
计算器界面需要QWidget组件作为顶层窗口,QLineEdit组件作为输入框,QPsuhButton作为按钮。
界面规划设计如下:
#include <QApplication> #include <QWidget> #include <QLineEdit> #include <QPushButton> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QApplication a(argc, argv); QWidget *widget = new QWidget(NULL, Qt::WindowCloseButtonHint); //构建输入框,设置属性 QLineEdit *edit = new QLineEdit(widget); edit->move(10, 10); edit->resize(240, 30); edit->setReadOnly(true); //构造按钮,设置属性 QPushButton *button[20] = {0}; const char *buttontext[20] = { "7", "8", "9", "+", "(", "4", "5", "6", "-", ")", "1", "2", "3", "*", "<-", "0", ".", "=", "/", "C" }; for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++) { button[5*i + j] = new QPushButton(widget); button[5*i + j]->move(10 + (10 + 40)*j, 50 + (10 + 40)*i); button[5*i + j]->resize(40, 40); button[5*i + j]->setText(buttontext[5*i + j]); } } //设置窗口 int ret = 0; widget->show(); widget->setFixedSize(widget->width(), widget->height()); ret = a.exec(); delete widget; return ret; }
二、项目代码重构
重构是以改善代码质量为目的的代码重写,使得软件的设计和架构更加合理,提高了软件的扩展性和维护性。
代码重构与代码实现的区别:
A、代码实现是按照设计编程实现,核心在于功能实现,不考虑架构的优劣
B、代码重构是以提高代码质量为目的的软件架构优化,核心在于优化架构,不考虑对已实现功能的修改。
代码重构在软件开发过程中的阶段:
代码重构的适用场合:
A、项目中重复代码越来越多
B、项目中代码功能越来越不清晰
C、项目中代码实现离设计越来越远
计算器界面代码重构:
由于需要申请堆空间资源,使用二阶构造模式。
CalculatorUI.h文件:
#ifndef CALCULATORUI_H #define CALCULATORUI_H #include <QWidget> #include <QLineEdit> #include <QPushButton> class CalculatorUI : public QWidget { Q_OBJECT public: static CalculatorUI* newInstance(); ~CalculatorUI(); void show(); private: CalculatorUI(); bool Construct(); private: QLineEdit *m_edit; QPushButton *m_buttons[20]; }; #endif // CALCULATORUI_H
CalculatorUI.cpp文件:
#include "CalculatorUI.h" CalculatorUI::CalculatorUI() : QWidget(NULL, Qt::WindowCloseButtonHint) { } CalculatorUI* CalculatorUI::newInstance() { CalculatorUI *ret = new CalculatorUI(); if(NULL == ret || !ret->Construct()) { delete ret; ret = NULL; } return ret; } CalculatorUI::~CalculatorUI() { } void CalculatorUI::show() { QWidget::show(); setFixedSize(width(), height()); } bool CalculatorUI::Construct() { bool ret = true; m_edit = new QLineEdit(this); if(m_edit != NULL) { m_edit->move(10, 10); m_edit->resize(240, 30); m_edit->setReadOnly(true); } else { ret = false; } const char *buttontext[20] = { "7", "8", "9", "+", "(", "4", "5", "6", "-", ")", "1", "2", "3", "*", "<-", "0", ".", "=", "/", "C" }; for(int i = 0; (i < 4) && ret; i++) { for(int j = 0; (j < 5) && ret; j++) { m_buttons[5*i + j] = new QPushButton(this); if(m_buttons[5*i + j] != NULL) { m_buttons[5*i + j]->move(10 + (10 + 40)*j, 50 + (10 + 40)*i); m_buttons[5*i + j]->resize(40, 40); m_buttons[5*i + j]->setText(buttontext[5*i + j]); } else { ret = false; } } } return ret; }
Main.cpp文件:
#include <QApplication> #include <QWidget> #include <QLineEdit> #include <QPushButton> #include "CalculatorUI.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QApplication a(argc, argv); CalculatorUI *widget = CalculatorUI::newInstance(); int ret = 0; if(widget != NULL) { widget->show(); ret = a.exec(); delete widget; } return ret; }
三、计算器算法引擎
人类思维和阅读习惯的运算表达式为中缀表达式,但计算机的运算表达式为后缀表达式,因此需要将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式。
算法引擎的解决方案如下:
A、将中缀表达式的数字和运算符分离
B、将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式
C、使用后缀表达式计算运算表达式的结果
1、计算表达式的分离
中缀表达式通常包含如下元素:
A、数字与小数点[0-9 .]
B、符号位[+ -]
C、运算符[+ - * /]
D、括号[( )]
分离算法设计分析:
以符号作为标识对表达式中的字符进行逐个访问
A、定义累计变量
B、当前字符为数字或小数点
累计,num += exp[i]
C、当前字符exp[i]为为符号
num为运算数,分离并保存
如果exp[i]为正负号
累计符号位+、-:num += exp[i]
如果exp[i]为运算符
分离并保存
分离算法源码:
QQueue<QString> CalculatorDec::split(const QString& exp) { QQueue<QString> ret; QString pre = ""; QString num = ""; for(int i=0; i<exp.length(); i++) { if(isDigitOrDot(exp[i])) { num += exp[i]; pre = exp[i]; } else if(isSymbol(exp[i])) { if(!num.isEmpty()) { ret.enqueue(num); num.clear(); } if(isSign(exp[i]) && ((pre == "") || (pre == "(") || isOperator(pre))) { num += exp[i]; } else { ret.enqueue(exp[i]); } pre = exp[i]; } } if(!num.isEmpty()) { ret.enqueue(num); } return ret; }
2、表达式的转换
中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式的注意事项:
A、运算表达式中的括号必须匹配
B、必须根据运算优先级进行转换
C、转换后的后缀表达式中不能有括号
D、转换后的后缀表达式可以计算出正确结果
在运算表达式中,括号匹配成对出现,左括号必须限于右括号出现。
匹配算法如下:
bool CalculatorDec::match(QQueue<QString>& exp) { bool ret = true; int len = exp.length(); QStack<QString> stack; for(int i=0; i<len; i++) { if( isLeft(exp[i]) ) { stack.push(exp[i]); } else if( isRight(exp[i]) ) { if( !stack.isEmpty() && isLeft(stack.top()) ) { stack.pop(); } else { ret = false; break; } } } return ret && stack.isEmpty(); }
转换过程:
A、当前元素e为数字,直接输出
B、当前元素e为运算符:
与栈顶运算符进行优先级比较,如果小于等于,将栈顶元素输出,转1;如果大于,将当前元素入栈。
C、当前元素e为左括号:入栈
D、当前元素e为右括号:
弹出栈顶元素并输出,直至栈顶元素为左括号,将栈顶的左括号从栈中弹出
转换算法如下:
bool CalculatorDec::transform(QQueue<QString>& exp, QQueue<QString>& output) { bool ret = match(exp); QStack<QString> stack; output.clear(); while( ret && !exp.isEmpty() ) { QString e = exp.dequeue(); if( isNumber(e) ) { output.enqueue(e); } else if( isOperator(e) ) { while( !stack.isEmpty() && (priority(e) <= priority(stack.top())) ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } stack.push(e); } else if( isLeft(e) ) { stack.push(e); } else if( isRight(e) ) { while( !stack.isEmpty() && !isLeft(stack.top()) ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } if( !stack.isEmpty() ) { stack.pop(); } } else { ret = false; } } while( !stack.isEmpty() ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } if( !ret ) { output.clear(); } return ret; }
3、结果计算
使用后缀表达式计算结果需要遍历后缀表达式中的数字和运算符。
A、当前元素为数字:进栈
B、当前元素为运算符:
从栈中弹出右操作数
从栈中弹出左操作数
根据符号进行运算
将运算结果压入栈中
遍历结束后,栈中的数字即为结果
QString CalculatorDec::calculate(QString l, QString op, QString r) { QString ret = "Error"; if( isNumber(l) && isNumber(r) ) { double lp = l.toDouble(); double rp = r.toDouble(); if( op == "+" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp + rp); } else if( op == "-" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp - rp); } else if( op == "*" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp * rp); } else if( op == "/" ) { const double P = 0.000000000000001; if( (-P < rp) && (rp < P) ) { ret = "Error"; } else { ret.sprintf("%f", lp / rp); } } else { ret = "Error"; } } return ret; } QString CalculatorDec::calculate(QQueue<QString>& exp) { QString ret = "Error"; QStack<QString> stack; while( !exp.isEmpty() ) { QString e = exp.dequeue(); if( isNumber(e) ) { stack.push(e); } else if( isOperator(e) ) { QString rp = !stack.isEmpty() ? stack.pop() : ""; QString lp = !stack.isEmpty() ? stack.pop() : ""; QString result = calculate(lp, e, rp); if( result != "Error" ) { stack.push(result); } else { break; } } else { break; } } if( exp.isEmpty() && (stack.size() == 1) && isNumber(stack.top()) ) { ret = stack.pop(); } return ret; }
四、用户界面与业务逻辑的分离
1、计算器架构设计
软件架构一般包括:
A、用户界面模块,接收用户输入,呈现数据
B、业务逻辑模块,根据用户需求处理数据
软件的各个模块之间必须遵循高内聚、低耦合的原则,每个模块应该只实现单一的功能,模块内部的子模块只作为整体的单一功能而存在,模块间通过约定好的接口进行交互。
模块间仅通过接口进行关联,因此必然存在使用接口的模块和实现接口的模块,模块间的关系必须是单向依赖的。
计算器应用程序的架构如下:
QCalculatorUI类实现了程序界面,QCalculatorDec类实现了计算器的核心算法。QCalculatorUI类通过引入ICalculator指针类型成员变量,增加了ICalculator属性;QCalculatorDec类继承自ICalculator,实现了ICalculator接口的计算功能。QCalculatorUI类与QCalculatorDec类间没有关系。
2、ICalculator类
#ifndef ICALCULATOR_H #define ICALCULATOR_H #include <QString> class ICalculator { public: virtual bool expression(const QString & exp) = 0; virtual QString result() = 0; }; #endif // ICALCULATOR_H
3、QCalculatorDec类
QCalculatorDec类继承自ICalculator,实现ICalculator类的计算功能
QCalculatorDec.h文件:
#ifndef CALCULATORDEC_H #define CALCULATORDEC_H #include <QString> #include <QQueue> #include <QStack> #include "ICalculator.h" class CalculatorDec : public ICalculator { public: CalculatorDec(); ~CalculatorDec(); bool expression(const QString & exp); QString expression(); QString result(); private: bool isDigitOrDot(QChar c); bool isSymbol(QChar c); bool isSign(QChar c); bool isNumber(QString s); bool isOperator(QString s); bool isLeft(QString s); bool isRight(QString s); int priority(QString s); QQueue<QString> split(const QString& exp); bool match(QQueue<QString>& exp); bool transform(QQueue<QString>& exp, QQueue<QString>& output); QString calculate(QQueue<QString>& exp); QString calculate(QString l, QString op, QString r); private: QString m_exp; QString m_result; }; #endif // CALCULATORDEC_H
QCalculatorDec.cpp文件:
#include "CalculatorDec.h" CalculatorDec::CalculatorDec() { m_exp = ""; m_result = ""; } CalculatorDec::~CalculatorDec() { } bool CalculatorDec::expression(const QString & exp) { bool ret = false; QQueue<QString> spExp = split(exp); QQueue<QString> postExp; m_exp = exp; if( transform(spExp, postExp) ) { m_result = calculate(postExp); ret = (m_result != "Error"); } else { m_result = "Error"; } return ret; } QString CalculatorDec::expression() { QString ret; return ret; } QString CalculatorDec::result() { return m_result; } bool CalculatorDec::isDigitOrDot(QChar c) { return ('0' <= c) && (c <= '9') || (c == '.'); } bool CalculatorDec::isSymbol(QChar c) { return isOperator(c) || ('(' == c) || (')' == c); } bool CalculatorDec::isSign(QChar c) { return ('+' == c) || ('-' == c); } bool CalculatorDec::isNumber(QString s) { bool ret = false; s.toDouble(&ret); return ret; } bool CalculatorDec::isOperator(QString s) { return ("+" == s) || ("-" == s) || ("*" == s) || ("/" == s); } bool CalculatorDec::isLeft(QString s) { return ("(" == s); } bool CalculatorDec::isRight(QString s) { return (")" == s); } int CalculatorDec::priority(QString s) { int ret = -1; if(s == "+" || s == "-") { ret = 1; } if(s == "*" || s == "/") { ret = 2; } return ret; } QQueue<QString> CalculatorDec::split(const QString& exp) { QQueue<QString> ret; QString pre = ""; QString num = ""; for(int i=0; i<exp.length(); i++) { if(isDigitOrDot(exp[i])) { num += exp[i]; pre = exp[i]; } else if(isSymbol(exp[i])) { if(!num.isEmpty()) { ret.enqueue(num); num.clear(); } if(isSign(exp[i]) && ((pre == "") || (pre == "(") || isOperator(pre))) { num += exp[i]; } else { ret.enqueue(exp[i]); } pre = exp[i]; } } if(!num.isEmpty()) { ret.enqueue(num); } return ret; } bool CalculatorDec::match(QQueue<QString>& exp) { bool ret = true; int len = exp.length(); QStack<QString> stack; for(int i=0; i<len; i++) { if( isLeft(exp[i]) ) { stack.push(exp[i]); } else if( isRight(exp[i]) ) { if( !stack.isEmpty() && isLeft(stack.top()) ) { stack.pop(); } else { ret = false; break; } } } return ret && stack.isEmpty(); } bool CalculatorDec::transform(QQueue<QString>& exp, QQueue<QString>& output) { bool ret = match(exp); QStack<QString> stack; output.clear(); while( ret && !exp.isEmpty() ) { QString e = exp.dequeue(); if( isNumber(e) ) { output.enqueue(e); } else if( isOperator(e) ) { while( !stack.isEmpty() && (priority(e) <= priority(stack.top())) ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } stack.push(e); } else if( isLeft(e) ) { stack.push(e); } else if( isRight(e) ) { while( !stack.isEmpty() && !isLeft(stack.top()) ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } if( !stack.isEmpty() ) { stack.pop(); } } else { ret = false; } } while( !stack.isEmpty() ) { output.enqueue(stack.pop()); } if( !ret ) { output.clear(); } return ret; } QString CalculatorDec::calculate(QString l, QString op, QString r) { QString ret = "Error"; if( isNumber(l) && isNumber(r) ) { double lp = l.toDouble(); double rp = r.toDouble(); if( op == "+" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp + rp); } else if( op == "-" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp - rp); } else if( op == "*" ) { ret.sprintf("%f", lp * rp); } else if( op == "/" ) { const double P = 0.000000000000001; if( (-P < rp) && (rp < P) ) { ret = "Error"; } else { ret.sprintf("%f", lp / rp); } } else { ret = "Error"; } } return ret; } QString CalculatorDec::calculate(QQueue<QString>& exp) { QString ret = "Error"; QStack<QString> stack; while( !exp.isEmpty() ) { QString e = exp.dequeue(); if( isNumber(e) ) { stack.push(e); } else if( isOperator(e) ) { QString rp = !stack.isEmpty() ? stack.pop() : ""; QString lp = !stack.isEmpty() ? stack.pop() : ""; QString result = calculate(lp, e, rp); if( result != "Error" ) { stack.push(result); } else { break; } } else { break; } } if( exp.isEmpty() && (stack.size() == 1) && isNumber(stack.top()) ) { ret = stack.pop(); } return ret; }
4、CalculatorUI类
CalculatorUI类使用ICalculator接口的计算功能。通过在CalculatorUI类中引入ICalculator指针成员变量,增加了ICalculator属性。将所有按钮发送的信号与onCalculate()槽函数连接。
CalculatorUI.h文件:
#ifndef CALCULATORUI_H #define CALCULATORUI_H #include <QWidget> #include <QLineEdit> #include <QPushButton> #include "icalculator.h" class CalculatorUI : public QWidget { Q_OBJECT public: static CalculatorUI* newInstance(); ~CalculatorUI(); void show(); void setCalculator(ICalculator* cal); ICalculator* getCalculator(); private: CalculatorUI(); bool Construct(); private slots: void onCalculate(); private: QLineEdit *m_edit; QPushButton *m_buttons[20]; ICalculator *m_cal; }; #endif // CALCULATORUI_H
CalculatorUI.cpp文件:
#include "CalculatorUI.h" CalculatorUI::CalculatorUI() : QWidget(NULL, Qt::WindowCloseButtonHint) { m_cal = NULL; } CalculatorUI* CalculatorUI::newInstance() { CalculatorUI *ret = new CalculatorUI(); if(NULL == ret || !ret->Construct()) { delete ret; ret = NULL; } return ret; } CalculatorUI::~CalculatorUI() { } void CalculatorUI::show() { QWidget::show(); setFixedSize(width(), height()); } bool CalculatorUI::Construct() { bool ret = true; m_edit = new QLineEdit(this); if(m_edit != NULL) { m_edit->move(10, 10); m_edit->resize(240, 30); m_edit->setReadOnly(true); } else { ret = false; } const char *buttontext[20] = { "7", "8", "9", "+", "(", "4", "5", "6", "-", ")", "1", "2", "3", "*", "<-", "0", ".", "=", "/", "C" }; for(int i = 0; (i < 4) && ret; i++) { for(int j = 0; (j < 5) && ret; j++) { m_buttons[5*i + j] = new QPushButton(this); if(m_buttons[5*i + j] != NULL) { m_buttons[5*i + j]->move(10 + (10 + 40)*j, 50 + (10 + 40)*i); m_buttons[5*i + j]->resize(40, 40); m_buttons[5*i + j]->setText(buttontext[5*i + j]); connect(m_buttons[5*i + j], SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(onCalculate())); } else { ret = false; } } } return ret; } void CalculatorUI::setCalculator(ICalculator* cal) { m_cal = cal; } ICalculator* CalculatorUI::getCalculator() { return m_cal; } void CalculatorUI::onCalculate() { QPushButton* button = dynamic_cast<QPushButton*>(sender()); if( button != NULL ) { QString buttontext = button->text(); if( buttontext == "<-" ) { QString text = m_edit->text(); if( text.length() > 0 ) { text.remove(text.length()-1, 1); m_edit->setText(text); } } else if( buttontext == "C" ) { m_edit->setText(""); } else if( buttontext == "=" ) { if( m_cal != NULL ) { m_cal->expression(m_edit->text()); m_edit->setText(m_cal->result()); } } else { m_edit->setText(m_edit->text() + buttontext); } } }
5、Calculator类
计算器Calculator类包含计算器程序界面CalculatorUI和核心算法CalculatorDec两部分。在Calculator构造过程中需要指定CalculatorUI对应的核心算法CalculatorDec。
Calculator.h文件:
#ifndef CALCULATOR_H #define CALCULATOR_H #include "CalculatorUI.h" #include "CalculatorDec.h" class Calculator { private: CalculatorUI *m_ui; CalculatorDec m_cal; Calculator(); bool construct(); public: static Calculator* newInstance(); void show(); ~Calculator(); }; #endif // CALCULATOR_H
Calculator.cpp文件:
#include "Calculator.h" Calculator::Calculator() { } bool Calculator::construct() { m_ui = CalculatorUI::newInstance(); if(m_ui != NULL) { m_ui->setCalculator(&m_cal); } return (m_ui != NULL); } Calculator* Calculator::newInstance() { Calculator *ret = new Calculator(); if((ret == NULL) || (!ret->construct())) { delete ret; ret = NULL; } return ret; } void Calculator::show() { m_ui->show(); } Calculator::~Calculator() { delete m_ui; }
6、使用实例
Main.cpp文件:
#include <QApplication> #include "Calculator.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QApplication a(argc, argv); Calculator *cal = Calculator::newInstance(); int ret = 0; if(cal != NULL) { cal->show(); ret = a.exec(); delete cal; } return ret; }