lamp

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wx5c242d2dc4d11 2019-02-21 00:40:01 ©著作权

文章标签 lamp 51cto 文章分类 运维

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Lamp

1.lamp简介

所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

知名网站架构

|| System | Server | Storage |Script| | -------- | -------- | -------- | | Yahoo|FreeBSD + Linux|Apache|MySQL|PHP| |Facebook|FreeBSD|Apache|MySQL + Memcached|PHP| |Wikimedia|Linux|Apache + Lighttpd|MySQL + Memcached|PHP|

2. web服务器工作流程

建立连接——接受一个客户端连接，或者如果不希望与这个客户端建立连接，就将其关闭。接收请求——从网络中读取一条 HTTP 请求报文。处理请求——对请求报文进行解释，并采取行动。访问资源——访问报文中指定的资源。构建响应——创建带有正确首部的 HTTP 响应报文。发送响应——将响应回送给客户端。记录事务处理过程——将与已完成事务有关的内容记录在一个日志文件中。

web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源

静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端

2.1 cgi与fastcgi

上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI，下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。

CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

2.2 httpd与php结合的方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：

modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端 httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php） httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php） CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等 FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信较于CGI方式，FastCGI更为常用，很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源

3. lamp平台构建

适用环境系统支持：CentOS-5 (32bit/64bit)、CentOS-6 (32bit/64bit)等linux系统内存要求：≥256M 需要安装有 1、Apache 2、MySQL 3、PHP 4、phpmyadmin 3.5.1 5、ZendOptimizer 3.3.9(可选，只适合PHP 5.2.17) 6、xcache 1.3.2(可选) 7、pure-ftpd-1.0.36（可选）

lamp平台软件安装次序：httpd --> mysql --> php 注意：php要求httpd使用prefork MPM

3.1 安装httpd

//安装开发工具包
[root@system1 yum.repos.d]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Marked install: Development Tools
//创建apache服务的用户和组
[root@system1 yum.repos.d]# groupadd -r apache
[root@system1 yum.repos.d]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache
[root@system1 yum.repos.d]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
//略

[root@system1 Desktop]# ls apache apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 copy httpd-2.4.37.tar.bz2 [root@system1 Desktop]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2 [root@system1 Desktop]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 [root@system1 Desktop]# cd apr-1.6.5/ [root@system1 apr-1.6.5]# ls apr-config.in build-outputs.mk helpers misc strings apr.dep CHANGES include mmap support apr.dsp CMakeLists.txt libapr.dep network_io tables apr.dsw config.layout libapr.dsp NOTICE test apr.mak configure libapr.mak NWGNUmakefile threadproc apr.pc.in configure.in libapr.rc passwd time apr.spec docs LICENSE poll tools atomic dso locks random user build emacs-mode Makefile.in README buildconf encoding Makefile.win README.cmake build.conf file_io memory shmem [root@system1 apr-1.6.5]# vim configure

  trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
  // $RM "$cfgfile"``` //将此句注释或删去


[root@system1 apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr   //配置后略
[root@system1 apr-1.6.5]# make && make install     //编译后略

[root@system1 apr-1.6.5]# cd ..
[root@system1 Desktop]# cd apr-util-1.6.1/
[root@system1 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@system1 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install

### 3.2安装Mysql
//安装依赖包
[root@system1 Desktop]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
Installing:
cmake                   x86_64           2.8.12.2-2.el7                 myrepo           7.0 M
mariadb-devel           x86_64           1:5.5.56-2.el7                 myrepo           752 k
ncurses-devel           x86_64           5.9-13.20130511.el7            myrepo           713 k
Installing for dependencies:
libarchive              x86_64           3.1.2-10.el7_2                 myrepo           319 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Install  3 Packages (+1 Dependent package)

Total download size: 8.8 M
.....
Installed:
cmake.x86_64 0:2.8.12.2-2.el7                      mariadb-devel.x86_64 1:5.5.56-2.el7
ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-13.20130511.el7

Dependency Installed:
libarchive.x86_64 0:3.1.2-10.el7_2

Complete!

//创建用户和组
[root@system1 Desktop]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@system1 Desktop]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql

//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@system1 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@system1 src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
--2018-08-13 23:56:27--  https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)... 137.254.60.14
Connecting to downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)|137.254.60.14|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: https://cdn.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.7/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [following]
......
Saving to: ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz’

100%[=====================================>] 643,790,848 2.46MB/s   in 4m 20s

2018-08-14 00:00:50 (2.36 MB/s) - ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz’saved [643790848/643790848]

//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@system1 src]# ls
debug  kernels  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@system1 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@system1 ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  games    lib    libexec                              sbin   src
etc  include  lib64  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  share
[root@system1 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@system1 local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
[root@system1 local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root  36 Aug 14 16:00 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root 129 Aug 14 00:16 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  49 Jun 13 19:03 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 src

//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@system1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@system1 ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 Aug 14 16:00 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

//添加环境变量
[root@system1 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[root@system1 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@system1 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@system1 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

//建立数据存放目录
[root@system1 mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@system1 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@system1 mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data

//初始化数据库
[root@system1 ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-15T07:57:46.168380Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-15T07:57:50.542516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-15T07:57:50.927286Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.071260Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first 
//这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码

//配置mysql
[root@system1 ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[root@system1 ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@system1 ~]# ldconfig -v
ldconfig: Can't stat /libx32: No such file or directory
ldconfig: Path `/usr/lib' given more than once
ldconfig: Path `/usr/lib64' given more than once
ldconfig: Can't stat /usr/libx32: No such file or directory
/usr/lib64/mysql:
      libmysqlclient.so.18 -> libmysqlclient_r.so
/usr/local/mysql/lib:
      libmysqlclient.so.20 -> libmysqlclient.so.20.3.9 
......
/lib/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/tls: (hwcap: 0x8000000000000000)
[root@system1 ~]# ldconfig -p |grep mysql
      libmysqlclient.so.20 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.20
      libmysqlclient.so.18 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so.18
      libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so
      libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so

//生成配置文件
[root@system1 ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF

//配置服务启动脚本
[root@system1 ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@system1 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@system1 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

//启动mysql
[root@system1 ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!  
[root@system1 ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128         *:22                      *:*
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                      *:*
LISTEN      0      128        :::22                     :::*
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                     :::*
LISTEN      0      80         :::3306                   :::* 

//修改密码

### 3.3安装php
### 3.4配置Apache