最常见的情况是您想要安装最新版本的cmake，但您的操作系统的存储库没有更新。例如，在我的情况下，我有一台运行Ubuntu 16.04的笔记本电脑，当我执行命令时sudo apt install cmake，安装的版本是3.5.1；而不是cmake.org上的当前版本3.23.2。
Teo，我怎样才能获得最新版本？
好吧，我们可以按照以下方法之一安装它：
- 使用 APT 存储库
- 从源代码构建和安装
- 使用二进制文件
A. 使用 APT 存储库（推荐给普通用户）
Kitware 现在提供了一个支持 Ubuntu 16.04、18.04 和 20.04的APT 存储库。因此，我们可以按照以下步骤轻松安装它：
A-1。使用以下命令卸载 Ubuntu 包管理器和配置提供的默认版本：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt remove --purge --auto-remove cmake
</code></span></span>
或者：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt purge --auto-remove cmake
</code></span></span>
A2。准备安装
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt update && \
sudo apt install -y software-properties-common lsb-release && \
sudo apt clean all
</code></span></span>
A-3。获取工具包签名密钥的副本。
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>wget -O - https://apt.kitware.com/keys/kitware-archive-latest.asc 2>/dev/null | gpg --dearmor - | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/kitware.gpg >/dev/null
</code></span></span>
A-4。将套件的存储库添加到 Ubuntu Focal Fossa (20.04)、Ubuntu Bionic Beaver (18.04) 和 Ubuntu Xenial Xerus (16.04) 的源列表中。
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt-add-repository "deb https://apt.kitware.com/ubuntu/ $(lsb_release -cs) main"
</code></span></span>
A-5。作为可选步骤，建议我们也安装该kitware-archive-keyring软件包，以确保 Kitware 的密钥环在轮换密钥时保持最新。
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install kitware-archive-keyring
sudo rm /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/kitware.gpg
</code></span></span>
A-5.注意如果运行sudo apt update出现以下错误：
Err:7 https://apt.kitware.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 6AF7F09730B3F0A4
Fetched 11.0 kB in 1s (7552 B/s)
复制公钥6AF7F09730B3F0A4并运行以下命令：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 6AF7F09730B3F0A4
</code></span></span>
A-6。最后我们可以更新和安装cmake包。
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install cmake
</code></span></span>
B. 构建和安装（推荐给开发者）
对于这种方法，您需要安装 GCC 工具：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libtool autoconf unzip wget
</code></span></span>
B-1。卸载 Ubuntu 包管理器提供的默认版本，如A-1 所示。
B-2。转到官方 CMake 网页，然后下载并解压最新版本。更新以下命令中的version和build变量以获得所需的版本：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>version=3.23
build=2
## don't modify from here
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build.tar.gz
tar -xzvf cmake-$version.$build.tar.gz
cd cmake-$version.$build/
</code></span></span>
B-3。通过运行安装提取的源：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>./bootstrap
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install
</code></span></span>
B-4。测试你的新cmake版本。
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>$ cmake --version
</code></span></span>
结果cmake --version：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>cmake version 3.23.X
CMake suite maintained and supported by Kitware (kitware.com/cmake).
</code></span></span>
C. 使用二进制文件（cmake-gui可能效果不佳）
C-1。卸载 Ubuntu 包管理器提供的默认版本，如A-1 所示。
C-2。转到官方 CMake 网页，然后下载并安装最新.sh版本。opt/cmake更新以下命令中的version和build变量以获得所需的版本：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>version=3.23
build=2
## don't modify from here
limit=3.20
result=$(echo "$version >= $limit" | bc -l)
os=$([ "$result" == 1 ] && echo "linux" || echo "Linux")
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh
sudo mkdir /opt/cmake
sudo sh cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh --prefix=/opt/cmake
</code></span></span>
C-3。/usr/local/bin/cmake通过运行以下命令添加已安装的二进制链接：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>sudo ln -s /opt/cmake/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin/cmake
</code></span></span>
C-4。像在B-4中一样测试您的新cmake版本。
笔记
在3.23.X中，X代表我们定义为 build 的版本的最后一部分。如果更新cmake，构建可能会发生变化。根据官方网页，最新版本是 3.23.2。如果您想要以前的版本 3.21.4，只需替换版本并构建参数，如下所示：
<span style="background-color:var(--highlight-bg)"><span style="color:var(--highlight-color)"><code>version=3.22
build=5
## don't modify from here
limit=3.20
result=$(echo "$version >= $limit" | bc -l)
os=$([ "$result" == 1 ] && echo "linux" || echo "Linux")
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh
sudo mkdir /opt/cmake
sudo sh cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh --prefix=/opt/cmake
</code></span></span>
观察
对于以前版本的 CMake (3.19.7 <=)，请记住文件名包含大写字母L，从 3.20 版本开始，文件名包含-Linux-x86_64.sh小写字母l-linux-x86_64.sh
The most common situation is when you want to install the latest version of cmake, but your Operating System's repositories are not updated. For example, in my case I have a laptop running Ubuntu 16.04, and when I executed the command sudo apt install cmake the installed version was 3.5.1; instead of 3.23.2 which is the current version at cmake.org.
Teo, how can I get the latest version?
Well, we can install it by following one of these methods:
- Using APT Repositories
- Building and Installing from source
- Using binary files
A. Using APT Repositories (Recommended for normal users)
Kitware now provides an APT Repository that supports Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04, and 20.04. So we can install it easily following these steps:
A-1. Uninstall the default version provided by Ubuntu's package manager and configuration by using:
sudo apt remove --purge --auto-remove cmake
or:
sudo apt purge --auto-remove cmake
A-2. Prepare for installation
sudo apt update && \
sudo apt install -y software-properties-common lsb-release && \
sudo apt clean all
A-3. Obtain a copy of kitware's signing key.
wget -O - https://apt.kitware.com/keys/kitware-archive-latest.asc 2>/dev/null | gpg --dearmor - | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/kitware.gpg >/dev/null
A-4. Add kitware's repository to your sources list for Ubuntu Focal Fossa (20.04), Ubuntu Bionic Beaver (18.04) and Ubuntu Xenial Xerus (16.04).
sudo apt-add-repository "deb https://apt.kitware.com/ubuntu/ $(lsb_release -cs) main"
A-5. As an optional step, is recommended that we also install the kitware-archive-keyring package to ensure that Kitware's keyring stays up to date as they rotate their keys.
sudo apt update
sudo apt install kitware-archive-keyring
sudo rm /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/kitware.gpg
A-5.Note If running sudo apt update gets the following error:
Err:7 https://apt.kitware.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 6AF7F09730B3F0A4
Fetched 11.0 kB in 1s (7552 B/s)
Copy the public key 6AF7F09730B3F0A4 and run this command:
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 6AF7F09730B3F0A4
A-6. Finally we can update and install the cmake package.
sudo apt update
sudo apt install cmake
B. Building and Installing (Recommended for developers)
For this approach you need to install the GCC tools:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libtool autoconf unzip wget
B-1. Uninstall the default version provided by Ubuntu's package manager as in A-1.
B-2. Go to the official CMake webpage, then download and extract the latest version. Update the version and build variables in the following command to get the desired version:
version=3.23
build=2
## don't modify from here
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build.tar.gz
tar -xzvf cmake-$version.$build.tar.gz
cd cmake-$version.$build/
B-3. Install the extracted source by running:
./bootstrap
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install
B-4. Test your new cmake version.
Results of cmake --version:
cmake version 3.23.X
CMake suite maintained and supported by Kitware (kitware.com/cmake).
C. Using binary files (cmake-gui might not work well)
C-1. Uninstall the default version provided by Ubuntu's package manager as in A-1.
C-2. Go to the official CMake webpage, then download and install the latest .sh version in opt/cmake. Update the version and build variables in the following command to get the desired version:
version=3.23
build=2
## don't modify from here
limit=3.20
result=$(echo "$version >= $limit" | bc -l)
os=$([ "$result" == 1 ] && echo "linux" || echo "Linux")
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh
sudo mkdir /opt/cmake
sudo sh cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh --prefix=/opt/cmake
C-3. Add the installed binary link to /usr/local/bin/cmake by running this:
sudo ln -s /opt/cmake/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin/cmake
C-4. Test your new cmake version as in B-4.
Note
In 3.23.X the X represents the last part of the version that we defined as build. The build may change if cmake is updated. According to the official web page the Latest Release is 3.23.2. If you want the Previous Release 3.21.4 just replace the version and build parameters like this:
version=3.22
build=5
## don't modify from here
limit=3.20
result=$(echo "$version >= $limit" | bc -l)
os=$([ "$result" == 1 ] && echo "linux" || echo "Linux")
mkdir ~/temp
cd ~/temp
wget https://cmake.org/files/v$version/cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh
sudo mkdir /opt/cmake
sudo sh cmake-$version.$build-$os-x86_64.sh --prefix=/opt/cmake
Observation
For previous versions of CMake (3.19.7 <=), remember that the file name contains an upper case L in -Linux-x86_64.sh and from version 3.20 it has a lower case l in -linux-x86_64.sh
