root权限丢失

今天本来是想把root修改成别的名字 哪知道是直接创建一个用户,然后root给我删除了,啥权限都没了,user表 权限全是n,我当时连user表都给我清空了害怕冲突

如何设置服务器安全及root权限丢失怎么办,user表没了_root权限

如何设置服务器安全及root权限丢失怎么办,user表没了_values_02



TRUNCATE TABLE user;  清空user表数据
insertintomysql.user(Host,User,Password)values("localhost","root","****"); //插入数据
mysql> select* from user;
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| Host      | User | Password                                  | Select_priv | Insert_priv | Update_priv | Delete_priv | Create_priv | Drop_priv | Reload_priv | Shutdown_priv | Process_priv | File_priv | Grant_priv | References_priv | Index_priv | Alter_priv | Show_db_priv | Super_priv | Create_tmp_table_priv | Lock_tables_priv | Execute_priv | Repl_slave_priv | Repl_client_priv | Create_view_priv | Show_view_priv | Create_routine_priv | Alter_routine_priv | Create_user_priv | Event_priv | Trigger_priv | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | max_questions | max_updates | max_connections | max_user_connections |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| localhost | root | ***** | N           | N           | Y           | N           | N           | N         | N           | N             | N            | N         | N          | N               | N          | N          | N            | N          | N                     | N                | N            | N               | N                | N                | N              | N                   | N                  | N                | N          | N            |          |            |             |              |             0 |           0 |               0 |                    0 |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
1 row inset(0.00 sec)

权限全部变成N了,想做啥都是报错,更新 查询 删除。。。没权限,怎么办了

首先杀死

killall mysql
kiall mysqld
后台启动bin/mysqld_safe--user=mysql --skip-grant-table --skip-networking

屏蔽权限。

use mysql
先开始更新还是报错 所以先修改更新权限
update user setUpdate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
如果root 没有所有数据的权限
update user setSelect_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setInsert_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setUpdate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setDelete_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setCreate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setDrop_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setReload_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setShutdown_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setProcess_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setFile_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setGrant_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setReferences_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setIndex_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setAlter_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setShow_db_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setSuper_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setCreate_tmp_table_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setLock_tables_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setExecute_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setRepl_slave_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setRepl_client_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setCreate_view_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setShow_view_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setCreate_routine_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setAlter_routine_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setCreate_user_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setEvent_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';
update user setTrigger_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';


Select_priv。确定用户是否可以通过SELECT命令选择数据。
Insert_priv。确定用户是否可以通过INSERT命令插入数据。
Update_priv。确定用户是否可以通过UPDATE命令修改现有数据。
Delete_priv。确定用户是否可以通过DELETE命令删除现有数据。
Create_priv。确定用户是否可以创建新的数据库和表。
Drop_priv。确定用户是否可以删除现有数据库和表。
Reload_priv。确定用户是否可以执行刷新和重新加载MySQL所用各种内部缓存的特定命令,包括日志、权限、主机、查询和表。
Shutdown_priv。确定用户是否可以关闭MySQL服务器。在将此权限提供给root账户之外的任何用户时,都应当非常谨慎。
Process_priv。确定用户是否可以通过SHOW PROCESSLIST命令查看其他用户的进程。
File_priv。确定用户是否可以执行SELECT INTO OUTFILE和LOAD DATA INFILE命令。
Grant_priv。确定用户是否可以将已经授予给该用户自己的权限再授予其他用户。例如,如果用户可以插入、选择和删除foo数据库中的信息,并且授予了GRANT权限,则该用户就可以将其任何或全部权限授予系统中的任何其他用户。
References_priv。目前只是某些未来功能的占位符;现在没有作用。
Index_priv。确定用户是否可以创建和删除表索引。
Alter_priv。确定用户是否可以重命名和修改表结构。
Show_db_priv。确定用户是否可以查看服务器上所有数据库的名字,包括用户拥有足够访问权限的数据库。可以考虑对所有用户禁用这个权限,除非有特别不可抗拒的原因。
Super_priv。确定用户是否可以执行某些强大的管理功能,例如通过KILL命令删除用户进程,使用SET
GLOBAL修改全局MySQL变量,执行关于复制和日志的各种命令。
Create_tmp_table_priv。确定用户是否可以创建临时表。
Lock_tables_priv。确定用户是否可以使用LOCK TABLES命令阻止对表的访问/修改。
Execute_priv。确定用户是否可以执行存储过程。此权限只在MySQL 5.0及更高版本中有意义。
Repl_slave_priv。确定用户是否可以读取用于维护复制数据库环境的二进制日志文件。此用户位于主系统中,有利于主机和客户机之间的通信。
Repl_client_priv。确定用户是否可以确定复制从服务器和主服务器的位置。


setpassword for'root'@'localhost'=password('****');
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%'WITH GRANT OPTION ;
flush privileges;
bye
更新密码


谨慎操作
delete from user where not(host="localhost"and user="root");
flush privileges;


现在再来查看下

mysql> select* from user;
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| Host      | User | Password                                  | Select_priv | Insert_priv | Update_priv | Delete_priv | Create_priv | Drop_priv | Reload_priv | Shutdown_priv | Process_priv | File_priv | Grant_priv | References_priv | Index_priv | Alter_priv | Show_db_priv | Super_priv | Create_tmp_table_priv | Lock_tables_priv | Execute_priv | Repl_slave_priv | Repl_client_priv | Create_view_priv | Show_view_priv | Create_routine_priv | Alter_routine_priv | Create_user_priv | Event_priv | Trigger_priv | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | max_questions | max_updates | max_connections | max_user_connections |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| localhost | root | *01540717ECF753C83ECBAD389C3CE2291FDD5BD4 | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y         | Y           | Y             | Y            | Y         | Y          | Y               | Y          | Y          | Y            | Y          | Y                     | Y                | Y            | Y               | Y                | Y                | Y              | Y                   | Y                  | Y                | Y          | Y            |          |            |             |              |             0 |           0 |               0 |                    0 |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
1 row inset(0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%'WITH GRANT OPTION ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'root'@'%'identified by '****';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

都可以了


mysql目录权限

cpsuport-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf  //修改目录权限
chownroot:mysql /etc/my.cnf
chmod644 /etc/my.cnf


mysql安全设置

1.禁止远程连接mysql

因为我们的mysql只需要本地的php脚本进行连接,所以我们无需开socket进行监听,那么我们完全可以关闭监听的功能。

* 配置my.cnf文件,在[mysqld]部分添加 skip-networking 参数

BLOB:

MySQL的四种BLOB类型

类型 大小(单位:字节)

TinyBlob 最大 255

Blob 最大 65K

MediumBlob 最大 16M

LongBlob 最大 4G


2.删除默认的数据库和用户

drop database test;

use mysql;

delete from db;

delete from user where not(host="localhost" and user="root");

flush privileges;

4. 本地文件安全:

提高本地安全性,主要是防止mysql对本地文件的存取

set-variable=local-infile=0

6.最小权限用户:

create database db1;

grant select,insert,update,delete,create,drop privileges on database.* to user@localhost identified by 'passwd';


7. 限制普通用户浏览其它数据库,编辑my.cnf在[mysqld]添加:

--skip-show-database

8.快速修复MySQL数据库

修复数据库

mysqlcheck -A -o -r -p

修复指定的数据库

mysqlcheck -o -r database -p

9.跟据内存的大小选择MySQL的配置文件:

my-small.cnf # > my-medium.cnf # 32M - 64M

my-large.cnf # memory = 512M

my-huge.cnf # 1G-2G

my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf # 4GB


服务器安全总结:

1.root用户禁止使用,加深root密码

2.定期更改数据库的名字及管理员帐密

3.定期备份数据

4.关闭不需要的服务

5.创建一个User账户,运行系统

6.Nginx安全加固和优化

7.网站目录权限设置:

(1)网站上传目录和数据库目录一般需要分配“写入”权限,但一定不要分配执行权限

(2)其他目录一般只分配“读取”权限即可

8.外网只开80,其他端口没对外开放


我们从这8个方面考虑

首先是从工具自动生成加密密码,root禁用

2.定期给数据库修改密码

//进入数据库
mysql -u root -p123456
//创建用户
insert into mysql.user(Host,User,Password)values(“localhost”, “abc”,password(“123“);  (只添加一次)
//修改密码
 setpassword for'abc'@'localhost'=password('123456');
//刷新权限
flush privileges;
 //授权用户拥有权限center数据库所有权限(center 根据数据库名称修改)
grant all privileges on center.* to abc@localhost identified by '123456';  
#刷新权限
flush privileges;


修改root账户,改变默认mysql管理员的名称这个工作是可以选择的,根据个人习惯,因为默认的mysql的管理员名称是root,所以如果能够修改的话,能够防止一些脚本小子对系统的穷举。我们可以直接修改数据库

update mysql.user setuser="abc"where user="root";
flush privileges;


3.定期备份数据是最重要的(后面附上脚本)


4.关闭不需要的服务(脚本附上)


5.创建普通用户(脚本附上)


6.nginx加固

(这里配置文件直接在服务器部署时写入脚本里无需修改)
(1).修改php.ini文件,将cgi.fix_pathinfo的值设置为0; 安全漏洞
(2).彻底隐藏NGinx版本号的安全
vim nginx.conf
在http {—}里加上server_tokens off; 如:
http {
……省略
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 60;
tcp_nodelay on;
server_tokens off;
(3)编辑php-fpm配置文件,如fastcgi.conf或fcgi.conf(这个配置文件名也可以自定义的,根据具体文件名修改):
找到:
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version;
改为:
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;
(4)重新加载nginx配置:
# /etc/init.d/nginx reload

7.对外开放端口(脚本附上)

服务器优化脚本

#!/bin/bash
#The author:cs312779641
mkdir-p /mysqlback
back=/mysqlback
#创建一个普通用户
username=1234
useradd  $username
echo“1234” | passwd--stdin $username
#该脚本用于关闭服务器上非必须的系统服务项
#定义所要停止的服务,可以根据实际服务器应用更改
SERVICES="acpid atd auditd autofs avahi-daemon avahi-dnsconfd NetworkManager capi bluetooth cpuspeed cups dund firstboot haldaemon hidd ip6tables irda isdn mcstrans messagebus netfs netplugd nfslock pand pcscd portmap rawdevices restorecond xfs sendmail "
forservice in$SERVICES
do
#关闭服务随系统启动
chkconfig $service off
#停止选择服务
service $service stop
done
#文件备份(实验)
name=db
cd  /data/
date=`date-I`;
tar-zcvf  /$back/$name$date.tar.gz  html
#数据库备份
mysqldump  --databases db -uroot -p123456 >/$back/db`date+%Y-%m-%d`.sql
#清空15天以前文件
find/$back/ -mtime +15 -name "*.tar.gz"-execrm-rf {} \; 
find/$back/ -mtime +15 -name "*.sql"-execrm-rf {} \;
#防火墙脚本
cat> /etc/sysconfig/iptables<<EOF
# Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel
# Manual customization of this file is not recommended.
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]
-A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
COMMIT
EOF
service iptables restart

优化服务器,加深服务器安全,数据库也要加深安全,对运维或者安全来讲重则之重!!!